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aetic Chemistry. Substituted 4 amino 4 benzylpiperidine intermediates were prepared from 4 cyano 4 benzylpiperidines VX-661 as previously described for 2 employing a Curtius rearrangement sequence to install the 4 amino substituent. 17 A additional practical reagent combination for this transformation was discovered by treating 4 benzyl 4 carbamoylpiperidines with bis iodobenzene,36 as exemplified for the preparation of 10 . Alternatively, the reactive tert butyl sulfinimine formed from N Boc piperidin 4 1 and tert butylsulfonamide was reacted in situ with VX-661 benzylic Grignard reagents to give the 4 amino 4 benzylpiperidine scaffolds directly. 37 Hinge binding groups were introduced towards the piperidines by means of SNAr reaction of 4 chloro 7H pyrrolo pyrimidine, 6 chloro 7Hpurin 8 1, or 4 fluoro 1 1H pyrrolo pyridine,38 which occurred selectively at the additional reactive and much less hindered secondary nitrogen atom.
In addition, the piperidines enzalutamide were reacted with ethyl 4 chloro 1H pyrazolo pyridine 5 carboxylate39 followed by decarboxylation to give the pyrazolo pyridine hinge binder. By means of these means the 4 benzyl 4 aminopiperidine analogues 2 18, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, and 43 were prepared. To prepare the ether linked analogue 19, 1 4 piperidine 4 carboxylic acid 47 was decreased towards the alcohol 48 with lithium aluminum hydride andO benzylated to give 49 after doubleN deprotection . The piperidine 49 was reacted with 4 chloro 7Hpyrrolo pyrimidine to give the test compound 19. Alternatively, formation of the principal amide from 47 and reduction with borane in THF gave the 4 aminomethylpiperidine 50.
Acylation with 4 chlorobenzoyl chloride and deprotection Protein biosynthesis created the amide 51, which was coupled towards the pyrrolopyrimidine hinge binder to give 20. The isomeric amide 21 was prepared from enzalutamide an initial coupling of 4 chlorobenzylamine and 47 to give the amide 52. Deprotection to 53 and introduction of the pyrrolopyrimidine VX-661 gave 21. Analogues of 21 with different substitution of the amide were prepared by varying the amine in the very first step of this sequence. The 4 carbamido 4 aminopiperidine 53 was reacted with 4 fluoro 1 1H pyrrolo pyridine38 and 6 chloro 7H purin 8 1 to give the analogues 38 and 41, respectively. General Synthetic Chemistry. Reactions were carried out underN2. Organic solutions were dried over MgSO4 or Na2SO4. Starting supplies and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and were utilized devoid of further purification.
Microwave reactions were carried out employing Biotage Initiator 60 or CEM microwave reactors. Flash silica chromatography was performed employing Merck silica gel 60 . Ion exchange chromatography was performed employing Isolute Flash SCX II or Flash NH2 resin cartridges. enzalutamide 1HNMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX500 instrument at 500 MHz employing internal deuterium locks. 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX500 instrument at 125 MHz. Chemical shifts are reported relative to TMS and/or referenced towards the solvent in which they were measured. Combined HPLC MS analyses were recorded employing a Waters Alliance 2795 separations module and Waters/Micromass LCT mass detector with electrospray ionization and with HPLC performed employing Supelco DISCOVERY C18, 50 mm _ 4.
VX-661 6 mm or 30 mm _ 4. 6 mm i. d. columns, at a temperature of 22 _C with gradient elution of 10 90% MeOH/0. 1% aqueous formic acid at a flow rate of 1 mL/min as well as a run time of 3. 5 or 10 min as indicated. Compounds were detected at 254 nm employing a Waters 2487 dual λ absorbance detector. All tested compounds gave 95%purity as determined by this technique. All purified synthetic intermediates gave 95% purity as determined by this technique except where indicated in the text. High resolution mass spectra were measured on an Agilent 6210 ToF HPLC MS with a Phenomenex Gemini 3 um C18 column. General Approaches for Preparation of 4 Amino 4 benzylpiperidines. 4 piperidin 4 amine . Technique A. n BuLi was added to a solution of iPr2NH in THF at 78 _C under N2.
Following 10 min, a solution of tert butyl 4 cyanopiperidine 1 carboxylate in THF was added. The cloudy solution was stirred for 1 h at 78 _C. 1 4 tert butylbenzene was added and also the clear yellow brown solution was warmed enzalutamide to rt and stirred for 15 h. Water was added, and also the mixture was extracted with Et2O . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine , dried, and concentrated. Recrystallization from Et2O hexane gave tert butyl 4 4 cyanopiperidine 1 carboxylate . LC MS m/z 379 , Rt _ 2. 96 min. 1H NMR 1. 33 , 1. 47 , 1. 48 1. 52 , 2. 85 , 2. 95 3. 04 , 4. 08 4. 16 , 7. 20 7. 22 , 7. 36 7. 38 . 13C NMR 28. 4, 31. 3, 34. 5, 34. 7, 39. 2, 41. 0, 45. 4, 80. 0, 122. 0, 125. 4, 130. 0, 131. 2, 150. 5, 154. 5 ppm. A solution of tert butyl 4 4 cyanopiperidine 1 carboxylate in AcOH and conc H2SO4 was heated at 50 _C for 3 h after which at 90 _Cfor 2 h. The mixture was cooled and cautiously basified to pH 14 by the addition of 2 M NaOH aq . Boc2O in dioxane was added, and also the mixture was stirred for 24 h. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc .

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e lines tested, on the other hand, since the combination therapy curves in the cell lines with antagonistic CI values closely followed the single PI3K inhibitor therapy curves. There was no VX-661 correlation in between the cancer genotypes in responsiveness towards the dual inhibition, since an ALK translocated line as well as a triple unfavorable unfavorable line showed synergistic responses to dual inhibition. The NSCLC lines showing synergistic responses to dual inhibition seemed to be more responsive to low concentrations of the MEK inhibitor alone. Analogously towards the single inhibitor results, the lines sensitive to dual inhibition showed only a minor difference in between the activities of the unique PI3K inhibitors in combination using the MEK inhibitor. According to a literature search, added cell lines known to be responsive to dual PI3K and MEK inhibition had been studied.
MDA MB231, a basal like breast cancer line, and HCT116, a K Ras mutant colorectal line, had been exposed to single inhibitors or dual inhibition and analyzed using the MTS assay. As in the earlier work, both the cell lines showed synergistic responses to dual inhibition. PI 103 was markedly much less effective than ZSTK474 in the HCT116 VX-661 cell line, when, like all the NSCLC cell lines, MDA MB231 responded similarly to both PI3K inhibitors. Interestingly, we did not see any differences in target inhibition in between ZSTK474 and PI 103 in the HCT116 line, so that the mechanism of differential efficiency remains unknown. The lines H3122, H1437, MDA MB231, and HCT116, which had been sensitive to dual inhibition, had been further analyzed with Western blot analysis for cleaved PARP, a well characterized marker enzalutamide of apoptosis.
Protein biosynthesis No cleaved PARP was detected in any of the cell lines following the single agent treatments, but when dual inhibition with either ZSTK474 or PI 103 was administered, marked PARP cleavage was noticed in the H3122 line but not in the other lines tested. Effect of dual inhibition enzalutamide on cell signaling The NSCLC, breast cancer and colon cancer lines, which showing main synergy upon dual inhibition, had been further studied for cell signaling in response towards the inhibitors. All of the cell lines downregulated pAKT and its downstream target pS6 completely in response to 6h of therapy using the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 or PI 103 . Downregulation of p4E BP1 was also noted with all the cell lines tested, but it was complete only in the H3122 cell line.
Moreover, concurrent activation of pERK1/2 was recognized in the H3122, MDA MB231 and HCT116 cell lines VX-661 in the course of PI3K inhibitor therapy. When the cell lines had been treated using the MEK inhibitor CI 1040, complete or marked downregulation of pERK1/2 was noticed. This was accompanied by upregulation of pAKT in the H3122 and MDA MB231 lines, but not by upregulation of pS6 or p4E BP1 . p4E BP1 was markedly upregulated in the MDA MB231 line in response to CI 1040 therapy. When the PI3K and MEK inhibitors had been administered simultaneously the inhibition of the targets was comparable to that noticed with single inhibitor therapy. Dual inhibition was able to overcome the single inhibitorinduced stimulation of parallel pathway activation.
We had been not able to detect any substantial difference in the activity of either pS6 or p4E BP1 following dual inhibitor therapy as enzalutamide compared using the single PI3K inhibitor treatments. Further analysis of the dual inhibition of the central RTKs and signaling nodes was carried out using the PathScan Antibody Array, which investigates the phosphorylation status of 28 RTKs and 11 signaling nodes concurrently. Interest was focused on the dual inhibition sensitive H1437 and MDA MB231 lines. A low degree of RTK activation was noted in untreated cells of both cell lines, H1437 showing some activity with c VX-661 MET, when in the signaling nodes, pAKT, S6 and ERK1/2 showed activity in both cell lines and Src activity was also noted in H1437. Within the drug treated cells, ZSTK474 was able to inhibit both AKT and S6 phosphorylation, S6 showing a more pronounced effect.
Moreover, ZSTK474 induced a marked broad feedback RTK activation in the H1437 cell line. CI 1040 effects had been limited towards the inhibition of ERK1/2 activity. When dual inhibition with enzalutamide ZSTK474 and CI 1040 was administered, downregulation of both pAKT/S6 and ERK1/2 was noted, but otherwise no marked difference was evident relative towards the single agent treatments. The results suggest specificity of the inhibitors for their targets and the existence of broad feedback activation. Alternative dosing of dual inhibition Even though dual inhibition of PI3K and MEK was identified as an effective form of cancer therapy based on the in vitro models, administration of both drugs at doses inducing main downregulation of the target for lengthy periods of time may be too toxic inside a clinical setting. We consequently set out to investigate concurrent administration of PI3K and MEK inhibitors to cell lines sensitive to dual inhibition with alternative dosing schedules. The MTS assays showed that for maxi